Pelengkap Klausa Subjunctif Bahasa Inggris

 

LATIHAN: Subjunctive Noun Clauses

 

Informasi latar: Tiga tahun musim kering telah menyebabkan kelangkaan air yang serius dalam negara fiktif Sunnyland. Sebagai akibatnya, pemerintah Sunnyland mengajukan proposal pembatasan pada penggunaan air. 

 

Write complex sentences containing subjunctive noun clauses.

Tulis kalimat kompleks yang berisikan klausa nomina subjunctif.

LANGKAH 1: Tulis ulang pertanyaan dalam setiap item sebagai klausa intro.

LANGKAH 2: Tulis ulang pernyataan sebagai klausa nomina subjunctif.

LANGKAH 3: Gabung dua klausa tersebut untuk membuat kalimat baru.

Contoh:

Langkah 1: What did the government order?

                         The government ordered

Langkah 2: Citizens must decrease their water use; they should not waste water.

                 . . . that citizens decrease their water use and that they not waste water

Langkah 3: The government ordered that citizens decrease their water use and                                

 that they not waste water.

Soal:  

1.  What did the government demand?

     Each family must reduce its water use by 40 percent.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What did the government demand?

                         The government demanded

Langkah 2: Each family must reduce its water use by 40 percent.

                         . . . that each family reduce its water use by 40 percent

Langkah 3: The government demanded that each family reduce its water use by 40 percent.

 

Soal:  

2.  What is necessary?

     All citizens must comply with the new restrictions.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What is necessary?

                         It is necessary

Langkah 2: All citizens must comply with the new restrictions.

                         . . . that all citizens comply with the new restrictions. [comply with = obey]

Langkah 3: It is necessary that all citizens comply with the new restrictions.

Soal:  

3. What did the government propose for city-dwellers?     

Everyone must take five-minute showers.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What did the government propose for city-dwellers?

              The government proposed for city-dwellers

Langkah 2: Everyone must take five-minute showers.

                         . . . that everyone take five-minute showers.

Langkah 3: The government proposed for city-dwellers that everyone take                          

five-minute showers.

 

Soal:  

4.  What is advisable?

     People should conserve water whenever possible.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What is advisable?

                         It is advisable

Langkah 2: People should conserve water whenever possible.

                         . . . that people conserve water whenever possible.

Langkah 3: It is advisable that people conserve water whenever possible.

Soal:  

5.  What has been demanded of farmers?

     Farmers should cut their water use by 25 percent.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What has been demanded of farmers?

                         It has been demanded of farmers

Langkah 2: Farmers should cut their water use by 25 percent.

                         . . . that farmers cut their water use by 25 percent.

Langkah 3: It has been demanded of farmers that they cut their water use                          

by 25 percent. 

 

Soal:  

6.  What was suggested?

     Every farmer should install a drip irrigation system.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What was suggested?

                         It was suggested

Langkah 2: Every farmer should install a drip irrigation system.

                         . . . that every farmer install a drip irrigation system.

Langkah 3: It was suggested that every farmer install a drip irrigation system.

Soal:  

7.  What did the government urge?

     People must not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or streets.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What did the government urge?

              The government urged

Langkah 2: People must not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or streets.

                    . . . that people not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or streets. 

Langkah 3: The government urged that people not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or                     streets.

Soal:  

8.  What did the committee propose?

     A lawyer should be consulted regarding their legal rights.

Jawab:

Langkah 1: What did the committee propose?

                         The committee proposed

Langkah 2: A lawyer should be consulted regarding their legal rights.

                         . . . that a lawyer be consulted regarding their legal rights.

 

Langkah 3: The committee proposed that a lawyer be consulted regarding 

                           

their legal rights.

 

 

"Good writing in English requires the ability to write good sentences and to organize them logically into paragraphs and essays." 

 

 

 

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Latihan Menggunakan Pronomina Bahasa Inggris

Latihan Menggunakan Pronomina Bahasa Inggris yang Benar

EXERCISE 9a

Revise the following sentences by eliminating the ambiguous reference of pronouns.

1. I made a copy of that paper from my history book so Ron could read it.
2. Ron told Jack that his research on credit was faulty.
3. I listened to Ron and Jack and told him later that I thought he was right.
4. We requested copies of the paper for the other members of our group and picked them up on our way to the seminar.
5. Before Jack introduced the speaker, he shook hands with all the other panelists.

  

Model answer

1. I made a copy of that paper from my history book so Ron could read the page.
2. Ron told Jack that Jack's research on credit was faulty.
3. I listened to Ron and Jack and told Jack later that I thought Ron was right.
4. We requested copies of the paper for the other members of our group and picked up the copies on our way to the seminar.
5. The speaker shook hands with all the other panelists, before Jack introduced him. OR Jack
   shook hands with all the other panelists, before Jack introduced the speaker.

EXERCISE 9b
Revise all sentences in which pronouns are too remote from their antecedents.

1. The practice of granting credit is old as human society. Historians researching ancient politics find references to it in almost all written records.
2. Archaeologists have found that borrowing was a common practice even before a system of monetary exchange had been invented to make it easier.
3. The Bible refers to ancient credit practices by creditors. Trust did not seem to be relevant issue in any of these regulations. Rather, they tried to dupe debtors and enslave them.
4. The ancient money lenders charged debtors fixed rates of interest. Often, the agreement concealed the fact that the rates could be as high as 360 percent, forcing them into slavery simply to make payment.
5. After they developed a monetary system, the ancient Greeks attempted to abolish the practice of changing interest. They felt that money was not a productive commodity, so therefore it was immoral.

 Model answer

1. The practice of granting credit is old as human society. Historians researching ancient politics find references to credit in almost all written records.
2. Archaeologists have found that borrowing was a common practice even before a system of monetary exchange had been invented to make borrowing easier.
3. The Bible refers to ancient credit practices by creditors. Trust did not seem to be relevant issue in any of these regulations. Rather, early lenders tried to dupe debtors and enslave them. 
4. The ancient money lenders charged debtors fixed rates of interest. Often, the agreement concealed the fact that the rates could be as high as 360 percent, forcing borrowers into slavery simply to make payment.
5. After they developed a monetary system, the ancient Greeks attempted to abolish the practice of changing interest. They felt that money was not a productive commodity, so therefore changing interest was immoral. 

EXERCISE 9c
Revise all sentences in which the reference of pronouns is vague.

1. The Mosaic Code prohibited changing interest on loans. That applied particularly to loans to the poor.
2. The code also freed slaves every forty-ninth year and cancelled all debts every seventh year, which made it less profitable to be a creditor.
3. The medieval Church of England banned groups that charged interest. This slowed trade considerably.
4. In 1391, the London Ordinance allowed lending money for gain. That was legal if the lender had some risk involved in the transaction.
5. Almost all rules regarding credit regulated the lender, which is surprising.

Model answer

1. The Mosaic Code prohibited changing interest on loans. That prohibition applied particularly to loans to the poor. 
2. The code also freed slaves every forty-ninth year and cancelled all debts every seventh year, which made it less profitable to be a creditor. (CORRECT)
3. The medieval Church of England banned groups that charged interest, thus slowing trade considerably. OR The medieval Church of England banned groups that charged interest. This banishment slowed trade considerably. 
4. In 1391, the London Ordinance allowed lending money for gain. Lending was legal if the lender had some risk involved in the transaction.  
5. Surprisingly, Almost all rules regarding credit regulated the lender. OR Almost all rules regarding credit regulated the lender, a fact which is surprising. 

EXERCISE 9d
In the following sentences, revise to eliminate all references to unexpressed antecedents.

1. As agricultural economies were replaced by economies based on trade, they needed money to finance the buying of goods for sale.
2. Popes and kings limited the amount of interest charged on loans. Many of these served as the basis for modern usury laws.
3. In 1623, Queen Anne of England passed a usury law, setting it at 5 percent.
4. Thus, people came to believe that charging interest on loans was justified as long as the rate was controlled, and it has been held until the present.
5. Today, most states have limits on interest rates, and they are forbidden to charge more.

Model answer

1. As agricultural economies were replaced by economies based on trade, consumers needed money to finance the buying of goods for sale. 
2. Popes and kings limited the amount of interest charged on loans. Many of these limitations served as the basis for modern usury laws. 
3. In 1623, Queen Anne of England passed a usury law, setting interest at 5 percent.  
4. Thus, people came to believe that charging interest on loans was justified as long as the rate was controlled, and this acceptance of interest has been held until the present. 
5. Today, most states have limits on interest rates, and lenders are forbidden to charge more. 

EXERCISE 9e
Revise the following sentences to avoid the indefinite use of they, you, and it.

1. On the morning news, they reported that computer crime is increasing.
2. They claim that for every computer crime reported, two or three more go unreported.
3. You don't want to admit to your customers or clients that you can't keep your computerized records safe.
4. At the federal level, they are funding research on computer security.
5. If they don't take this new kind of crime seriously, chaos could result.
6. Recently, in the newspaper it said that some high-school students broke into a school's computer files and changed and destroyed grade records.
7. You don't have much security if a bunch of kids can crack the system.
8. Today property can be vandalized over the telephone, whereas in the past they vandalized school property in person.
9. Now all you need is a home computer, a modem, a telephone, and a clever fourteen-year-old.
10. It says in this article I'm reading that many kids think of breaking into computerized records as a challenging game rather than a crime.

Model answer

1. On the morning news, the commentators reported that computer crime is increasing. 
2. Police analysts claim that for every computer crime reported, two or three more go unreported. 
3. A large business doesn't want to admit to its customers or clients that it can't keep its computerized records safe. 
4. At the federal level, security agencies are funding research on computer security.  
5. If security agencies don't take this new kind of crime seriously, chaos could result. 
6. Recently, the newspaper reported that some high-school students broke into a school's computer files and changed and destroyed grade records. 
7. A school doesn't have much security if a bunch of kids can crack the system.
8. Today property can be vandalized over the telephone, whereas in the past vandals destroyed school property in person.
9. Now, all a potential vandal needs is a home computer, a modem, a telephone, and a clever fourteen-year-old.  
10. I'm reading an article which claims that many kids think of breaking into computerized records as a challenging game rather than a crime. 

EXERCISE 9f-g
Revise the following sentences so that pronouns are use appropriately.

1. Students that attend the California Institute of Technology have an interesting tradition.
2. Although a Cal Tech team never plays in it, it is traditional for Cal Tech students to pull some kind of prank at the Rose Bowl game.
3. One year students rigged the scoreboard, that was computer-controlled, to flash a Cal Tech score during the game.
4. Their scoreboard computer prank was televised nationally, and it made into many newspaper the next day.  
5. Officials, however, were not amused and filed charges the consequences of which were potentially serious; nevertheless, the students did receive extra credit for the prank in their computer science class.

Model answer

1. Students who attend the California Institute of Technology have an interesting tradition. 
2. Although a Cal Tech team never goes to the game, it is traditional for Cal Tech students to pull some kind of prank at the Rose Bowl game.
3. One year students rigged the scoreboard, which was computer-controlled, to flash a Cal Tech score during the game.
4. Cal Tech's scoreboard computer prank was televised nationally, and it was reported in many newspaper the next day. 
5. Officials, however, were not amused and filed charges whose consequences were potentially serious; nevertheless, the students did receive extra credit for the prank in their computer science class. 

EXERCISE 9a-g
Revise the following sentences by eliminating the faulty reference of pronouns.

1. Computer criminals are people which gain access illegally to computer files.
2. These sorts of crime may involve sabotaging files by rewriting data on programs, creating errors in them.
3. Stealing money is even possible if you can gain access to a computer file, which is done by authorizing payments to the thief's account.
4. Sometimes a computer criminal gains a access to a computer only so they can "look around" in its files or play games.
5. This can cost you money, too.
6. Few computer system owners trust their system once they have been "invaded" by an unauthorized user.
7. Insurance companies are beginning to notice this new kind of crime. At least two companies, Lloyd's and one American firm, are offering "accessing policies." The companies say damages from it could be as high as $30 million.
8. Many computer criminals say they committed the crime just because it was there.
9. One defendant told his attorney that he suddenly realized he was taking the charges too lightly.
10. He claimed he became a programmer only by accident, because his father had one.

Model answer

1. Computer criminals are people who gain access illegally to computer files. 
2. These sorts of crime may involve sabotaging files by rewriting data on programs, creating errors in the files.
3. Stealing money is even possible if a thief can gain access to a computer file, which is done by authorizing payments to the thief's account. 
4. Sometimes a computer criminal gains a access to a computer only so he or she can "look around" in its files or play games. 
5. "Just looking around" can cost the customer money, too.
6. Few computer system owners trust their system once the system has been "invaded" by an unauthorized user.
7. Insurance companies are beginning to notice this new kind of crime. At least two companies, Lloyd's and one American firm, are offering "accessing policies." The companies say damages from "illegal accessing" could be as high as $30 million. 
8. Many computer criminals say they committed the crime just because the opportunity was there.
9. One defendant told his attorney that he suddenly realized his lawyer was taking the charges too lightly.
10. He claimed he became a programmer only by accident, because his father had a computer at home. 

Semoga latihan ini bisa meningkatkan penguasaan Bahasa Inggris Agan terutama Bahasa Inggris tulis dan khususnya "Academic Writing." Amin. Tetap semangat!

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